The most tragic character Essay Example For Students

The most tragic character Essay The novella Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck firstly originates from the poem by 18th century poet Robert Burns entitled To a mouse. We know that the title of the poem has been taken from the line in the seventh verse of the poem the best laid schemes o mice and men gang aft agley, an leae us nought but grief an pain.  Parallels can be drawn between the poem and the novella, in particular George and Lennies American dream, when we look at the verse containing the title of the poem. This verse speaks of how the best plans of man often fail and leave us with pain and grief, and this directly foreshadows the fact that Lennie and Georges dream will not be made a reality. We will write a custom essay on The most tragic character specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The tragedy of course, lies in the fact that no matter how elaborately George and Lennie plan, regardless of how intensely they hope and dream, this dream will end in sorrow. Steinbeck sets the short story in 1930s America during the harsh Great Depression years, and due to the lack of money and employment at this time, the number of migrant workers was high. The short novel focuses on the struggles of two particular itinerant workers working on a ranch in California. This is perhaps a reflection of Steinbecks own experiences working as a migrant worker on rural Californian ranches, and we see the impressions that his experiences have made upon him through his work. We also see Steinbecks past experiences influencing his writing in other works such as The Grapes of Wrath. Through Steinbecks portrayal of certain characters, we are also given an insight into the social context of the time. When looking at tragedy these social contexts provide evidence for some characters to be described as tragic, when based on both modern and traditional interpretations of tragedy. We see through Crooks, and how he is ostracised from the rest of the workers, an example of the racial discrimination of the times. Crooks can be regarded as tragic based on modern interpretations of tragedy due to the segregation. Based on Greek and Shakespearean interpretations of tragedy, Lennie and Curleys wife can be considered as tragic, as throughout the novella they produce feelings of pity, fear and excitement in the audience, and both have their tragic flaws, this being an important Aristotle feature, which lead to their downfalls. Through Curleys wife we see the sexist treatment of women, as they are portrayed by Steinbeck as property of their husband. This sexist treatment of women arouses pity in the audience, and can be said to portray Curleys wife as tragic. We read of the quest of the American dream and the importance of this to Lennie, and as it is foreshadowed that this dream is unlikely to ever happen a tragic element is drawn. We also have sympathy with Lennie because of the severe treatment of those with limited mental ability. This treatment provides us with modern reasons for Lennie to be considered as tragic, especially when compared to attitudes today. This essay will focus on the three characters named in the introduction, and explore the extent to which they can be described as tragic. The essay will also contest the idea of Lennie being the most tragic character in the novella. The first character to be explored in this essay is Crooks. At the beginning of chapter four Crooks is given the longest description of all the characters in the novella. We read of his deep black wrinkles, and his pain tightened lips. This suggests that Steinbeck has intentions for him as an important character, and Steinbeck goes on to use Crooks to symbolize the racial segregation. Crooks is also used to show the general loneliness of ranch workers, and Steinbeck uses him to bring the loneliness experienced by all the characters into perspective. We read of Crooks saying, A guy needs someone to be near him .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postImageUrl , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:visited , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active { border:0!important; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:active , .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8 .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5769bd34170873da9c526dc1e9276f8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Explore Shakespeare's presentation of Act 3 Scene 1 As A Turning Point In The Play? EssayA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody A guy gets too lonely an he gets sick Here Steinbeck is bringing forward the need for human interaction. We are given the impression that Crooks is deeply affected by the racial hierarchy, and by how he has been ostracised from the rest of the ranch. From this we have evidence to regard Crooks as tragic, especially due to his loneliness and how is has been ostracised based on his skin colour alone. Steinbeck also describes crooks as a proud, aloof man. It seems that Crooks pride helps him deal with his loneliness. The reader sympathizes with Crooks , adding to the theme of tragedy. In the novella, Crooks is also physically handicapped. Crooks has been given this name because of his crooked spine, adding to the picture Steinbeck draws of Crooks as an unfortunate, tragic character. We read at the start of chapter four Crooks rubbing liniment on his spine, he held a bottle of liniment, and with the other he rubbed his spine When reading this the reader has a picture of this proud man reduced to spending his time on his own rubbing his crooked back. We again sympathize with Crooks, and he can be described as tragic based on this. Furthermore, at the end of the chapter we read, in his pink palm and reaching around fell slowly to rubbing his back. This presents us with a cycle of Crooks; as he is portrayed as the solitary character at the beginning of the chapter, and he is the same at the end. We can infer from this that as long as the social context of the times remains, Crooks would always be treated the same, and from this a modern tragic element can be drawn. We also read of Crooks being a scapegoat for the ranch workers. We read the boss gives him hell when hes mad This tells the reader that due to Crooks being black, all the blame is put on him for problems on the ranch. However, it can be said that a possibility of a change in Crooks situation may have occurred had Curleys wife not entered into Crooks room. Until this point in chapter four, it could be said that Crooks had started to believe in an American dream. If you guys would want a hand for nothing why Id come an lend a hand. I aint so crippled Crooks actually asks for a share in the dream, but Steinbeck insists on keeping to the tragic theme, and so before this question is even answered, Curleys wife enters. This is significant for evidence for Crooks to be regarded as tragic, because of how Curleys wifes words affect Crooks. Crooks attempts to stand up to Curleys wife you got no rights comin in a coloured mans room, but the ever present racism is again apparent from Curleys wifes reply, listen nigger, you know what I can do if you open your mouth I can get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny These words sharply bring Crooks down to Earth, and reduce him to nothing. This incident involving these two characters arouses more sympathy in the reader, and can be said to sum up the evidence for Crooks to be described as tragic.

How To Stop Running Out Of Time On SAT Reading

How To Stop Running Out Of Time On SAT Reading SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Feeling pressed for time on any test is extremely frustrating. It’s even worse on tests like the SAT and ACT because they’re so lengthy: if you run out of time on a section, you don't get the relief of "Well, at least I'm done with the test" because you have to move right on to the next section. Since you can’t stop time (probably?) and, except for some special circumstances, can’t get extra time, you'll need another solution to help you avoid running out of time. So what strategies can you use? I’ll discuss the top misconception students have about running low on time on the SAT Reading section and strategies to avoid running out of time. First, however, I want to do a quick run-through of the timing for SAT Reading- after all, in order to stop running out of time on the section, you first must know its basic layout. We have an in-depth explanation of this in another article, but in case you don't have the time to read it through I've written up a summary below. feature image credit: 12 sec by Peter, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. How Long Is the SAT Reading Section? The new SAT Reading section is the first section of the SAT and consists of 52 questions over 65 minutes. You'll answer these questions based on the contents of six passages (four single passages and a set of shorter paired passages) spanning three different subject areas (U.S. and world literature, social science, and natural science). Two passages in each SAT Reading section will also be accompanied by charts or graphics that you'll have to look at to answer a few of the questions. (If you want more specifics, we go into all this in much more detail in our article on what's actually tested on SAT Reading). SAT Reading questions come in eight main flavors: Big Picture: Questions about the main point of the passage. Detail/Little Picture: Questions about a specific line or lines in the passage. Inference: Questions that ask you to interpret the meaning of line or two in a passage. Words In Context: Questions that ask for how a word is used in a particular instance in the passage. Function: Questions that ask how a phrase, sentence, or paragraph functions in the larger context of the paragraph or passage. Author Technique: Questions that ask about the passage's tone or style; you'll often be asked to compare and contrast different authors’ techniques. Evidence Support: Questions that ask you what specific evidence supports the correct answer to a previous question. Data Intepretation: Questions that ask you to analyze and answer questions about the charts and graphics accompanying the passage(s). The #1 Reading Misconception The number one thing I've heard when it comes to the SAT Reading is something along the lines of "I’m a slow reader, so I’ll never be able to finish the SAT Reading section in time and I won't be able to bring my reading score up". FALSE. Excelling on the SAT Reading section is not just about reading speed- otherwise, it would be called the SAT Speed Reading section (or something like that). If you read a lot, or read quickly, that may give you a little bit of an edge, especially with big picture questions that require you to synthesize information from the whole passage. If you’re a slow reader or don’t read a lot, you might be reading this and thinking "Well, great. I’m already starting from behind." But reading quickly in no way guarantees that you will excel on the SAT Reading, or even that you won’t be rushed. There are several different ways to approach passages in SAT Reading, and the optimal strategy for one person may be the worst possible idea for another. In reality, the key skill to doing well on the SAT Reading section is the ability to skim text while retaining meaning. If you're a slow reader, you can learn to skim through practice. If you're a fast reader, you must be aware that SAT Reading is very different from light fiction reading; you'll need to practice to get the important points from the SAT passage. So how do you avoid being rushed and running out of time on SAT Reading, even if you are a slow reader? Practice, practice, practice! Practicing isn't just the way to get to Carnegie Hall (as the old music joke goes)- practicing the SAT will help you get better at taking the SAT. But it's not enough to practice in any way you can think of- you must practice/study effectively. When studying for SAT Reading, there are three main strategies you should use to focus on to get better at finishing the section in time. Strategy 1: Practice Monitoring Your Time The first step to improving your ability to finish the Reading section without running out of time is to keep track of your time. The two ways to do this are by recording how long you're taking to answer each question and, during the test, being aware of how much time you have left until the end of the section. Know How Long You’re Taking on Each Question If you find you’re taking too much time on a question, mark it and come back to it in review. But what is "too much time?" Well, it depends on your target score, or the score you are aiming for on a particular section; therefore, when preparing for the SAT Reading, you must know your raw and scaled target scores. Why does this matter? If you’re aiming for a lower target score, you can skip more questions, and spend more time on the questions you do answer. Remember, the SAT Reading section consists of 52 questions over 65 minutes: if you’re spending more than one minute 15 seconds per question, you’re going to run into problems, just by the simple math (bonus practice). This 75 seconds-per-question time constraint only applies, however, if you are aiming for a perfect or near-perfect score and need to give every question a fair shot. If you're aiming for a Reading score of 30/40, you can guess on the hardest 25% questions and focus your answering energies on easier questions (although of course which questions these are will be different for everyone). Only aiming to get a 30 on Reading also means you get more time to spend on the questions you are answering. If you only need to get around 36 questions right to reach your target score, then you can spend up to 23 seconds more on each question (36 questions in 65 minutes vs 52 questions in 65 minutes- even more math!). Read our article on getting a 30 on SAT Reading for more strategies like this. Know How Much Time You Have Remaining During the Test This doesn’t necessarily mean dividing up the time beforehand, as in, "Okay, I have 65 minutes with six passages to read (four single, one set of paired) and 52 questions to answer, so I should spend 12 minutes on each single passage and questions and 14 minutes on the paired passages and questions and then I’ll have three minutes to go over everything at the end." Those calculations (a) hurt my brain, and (b) take up way more time than they’d save. Instead, get used to keeping an eye on the clock. You'll need to be able to balance reading the passages with answering questions on them- don’t let one passage suck up all of your time and force you to scramble to get through the rest of the passages and questions. I personally try to check the time only after I've finished skimming a passage and after I've answered all the questions on that passage (even though my initial instinct is to constantly be time-checking). You'll need to figure out what works best for you, but my advice is to avoid checking the time more than once every few questions- otherwise, you'll end up wasting time trying to save time. If you find that you have zero concept of time when you’re practicing answering questions, you can practice with a stopwatch set to go off at five minute increments. Just remember that you won’t actually be able to do this on test day (although the test proctors may give verbal warnings at 10 minutes left and five minutes left). Other SAT Reading Time Monitoring Strategies When looking over the test, mark questions you end up spending a long time on as well as the ones you’re not sure about. Really break down what stumped you about the questions you spent too much time on as well as the ones you got wrong or were uncertain about. Was it the wording of the question? The type of question (paired passage, big picture, inference)? Were you just tired and misread the passage, so you didn't see the answer? Is there a pattern to the questions you're running out of time on? All of this data is valuable fodder for your test prep process: establishing a feedback loop of testing, reviewing your mistakes, and testing again. It is essential not to skip over the middle step of reviewing your mistakes thoroughly. (For more on this, read my article on the best way to review mistakes on the SAT.) Not sure running out of time is your only issue? Read the section on understanding your high level weaknesses in this article. Great! Time left for a beer! by Mike Schinkel, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Pace yourself to avoid RUNNING out of time. Strategy 2: Practice Reading Passages and Answering Questions No, practicing SAT Reading questions over and over won’t necessarily make you a faster reader. But it will make you better at reading the passages in a way that will help you answer the questions more efficiently. Because every person processes information differently, I can't dictate the best way for you to read the passages. However, if your current approach isn't working, you might want to consider switching it up. There are three main approaches to choose from: #1: Read the whole passage in detail. This is really only a good strategy if you are both a quick and thorough reader. It's probably the worst option if you're already worried about running out of time. #2: Read the questions first. Determine which details you look for in the passage by reading the questions first, then jumping back to the passage to find the answer. #3: Skim, then attack the questions. Quickly read through the passage to get a sense of its content, structure, and purpose, then approach the questions. Finally, return to the passage to get any more detailed information required by specific questions. The more familiar you get with SAT Reading passages and questions, the more you'll be accustomed to the test and the better you’ll know what to pay attention to and when to use which strategy. For instance, if you read the questions first, if a question has specific lines associated with it (e.g. "In lines 10-38"), only read those specific lines to answer it; do not pull your answer from the rest of the passage. On the other hand, if you skim first, get used to noticing words and phrases like "however" and "in contrast." These words are important because they indicate a change in tone, as in: "Despite the fact that the viola has a long and noble history, negative stereotypes about violas (and violists) abound in modern day classical music communities." You'll find more strategies, as well as more detailed information on why you might want to choose one approach over the others, in our article on the best way to read the passage on the SAT Reading section. More Passage-Reading Strategy Suggestions The passage you read first can make a big difference if you tend to run out of time. Scan through all the passages in the section and see if any subject matter looks easier to tackle for you and then start with those, rather than taking the section in order. That way, you won’t be rushing through and getting things wrong on passages you should get and can with a clear mind devote yourself to passages that are more difficult for you. You can also see if bubbling in all your answers at the end helps (read more about this in the Quick Tip section of our perfect scorer article). This strategy is only helpful, however, if you can make sure to leave a good two to three minutes at the end of the section to do this, since you don’t want to run out of time before you bubble in answers that you got (the ultimate in frustrating). If you can think of other ways to keep yourself from running out of time on SAT Reading (perhaps by using some mindfulness techniques to focus?), that is also great. As always, you should only use strategies that work for you. Chess game by Kamil Porembiński, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original.Think about which strategies will work for you. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Strategy 3: Practice Taking SAT Reading as Part of the Whole SAT There’s knowing the material on the SAT Reading section...and then there’s building up the stamina to make it through. Fortunately, the SAT always presents the sections in the same order: Reading, Writing, Math (No Calculator), Math (Calculator), and the optional essay. This predictability gives you an advantage when prepping, because you can actually simulate test-date conditions when you take full-length practice tests by taking everything in the correct order. It's important to take at least some practice tests all the way through in the correct order so that you can get used to what it feels like to take the full test. Reading is always the first section, so you'll probably always have the most energy to spend on it, but you'll need to be careful not to burn through all your reserves with the Reading section, only to find that you're too drained to perform well on the rest of the test. Another thing to keep in mind is that you’ll most likely be taking the SAT on a Saturday morning. Be extra sure to do some practice Reading sections in the morning (especially if you’re not a morning person!) to give yourself a good idea of your energy levels at that time of day. If you’re more sluggish in the mornings in general, your reading speed will probably also be slower. It's okay to take some or most of your practice tests in the afternoon if that's when you have the most time, but exclusively doing this may not give you an accurate picture of how quickly you can complete the SAT Reading section under real test conditions. Do You Qualify for Testing Accomodations? If you really have trouble with reading in time-constrained situations, you might qualify for special testing accommodations. It's unlikely that prepping for and taking the SAT will be the first time you notice you have major problems with reading; however, it may be the first time you won't be able to compensate for it in other ways (like spending hours and hours on homework and extra credit to make up for low test scores). The College Board does offer accommodations on the SAT for eligible students with documented issues. You can get more information here on the steps you'll need to take in order to get accommodations on testing day. But a word of warning: Accommodations are far more likely to be granted to students if their special circumstances have been documented for a longer period of time. CollegeBoard tends to be leery of students who get diagnosed with something or other just in time to take the test, since the students might be stretching the truth in order to get extra time. How can you avoid getting caught in red tape and having your accommodations held up? Plan and apply for special accommodations early, if at all possible- the request process alone can take up to seven weeks. If you're in middle school or early high school and are having serious problems with reading when compared to your peers, get psycho-educational testing then, rather than waiting. If for whatever reason you couldn't apply for special accommodations until recently (for instance, if you only just developed a hearing or visual impairment), make sure it's clear to the person documenting your conditionwhy you're only doing something about this now. Also, while this documenter will provide you with information to send on to the CollegeBoard, the College Board may also want you to explain why you applied for special accommodations only recently, so it’s good to have an explanation ready. How to Improve Pacing on SAT Reading: A Recap #1: Take timed practice tests and monitor your time. #2: Get comfortable with taking the SAT Reading so you can use strategies effectively #3: Make sure you take entire practice tests in sequence a few times so you know what to expect. #4: If you think there’s a bigger problem that's causing you to run out of time on the SAT Reading, get psycho-educational testing as early as possible to confirm it and see if you are eligible for special accommodations on the SAT. Now, go forth and read! What’s Next? Want more strategies for avoiding a time crunch? Read about the 9 ways to buy time on the SAT. How can you figure out what’s tripping you up on SAT Reading? Check out our detailed analysis of each question and passage type. We also have more in-depth information on figuring out what approach to reading the passage works for you in another article. Learn more about the format of the SAT with our article on the timing and content of each SAT section. For more on how to master SAT Reading, read our guide to getting a perfect Reading score. You might also be interested in our ultimate guide to SAT Reading, which lists all of our articles on SAT Reading, along with a brief description of what's in each article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

12 Summer Programs You Can Still Apply To

As second semester heats up, you’re probably focusing on studying for APs, prepping for standardized tests, and keeping up your grades. If there’s any time left over, you’re juggling extracurriculars and family commitments. It’s no wonder that you might have forgotten that summer is just around the corner. If you’re just realizing that it’s time to start thinking about summer programs and plans, you may be disappointed to realize that some deadlines have already come and gone. There’s no reason to despair, though. Plenty of high-quality, well-regarded summer programs are still accepting applications. Here, we’ll introduce 12 awesome summer opportunities with application deadlines in mid-February or later. Don’t miss the chance to polish your skills and experience all that these amazing summer programs have to offer. This summer program combines seminars and collaborative hands-on projects to develop the skills essential to pursuing majors in the STEM field. Students are selected based on their strong academic records, and students who are underrepresented minorities, from families of low socioeconomic status, potentially first in family to attend college, or enrolled at rural or inner-city schools with historically low rates of admittance to top-tier colleges are invited to apply. There is so charge for tuition, room, or board, but students are responsible for books, supplies, and transportation. Apply by March 1, 2018 to be considered. Hosted by Arizona State University in Phoenix, this program hosts student journalists from across the country for two weeks of reporting, social media, web production, shooting and editing video and photos, and producing and directing a student newscast. Many tuition, room, board, and material costs are covered by donors. Students are expected to provide their own transportation and the cost of incidentals. Applications are due by March 16, 2018. This selective summer program teaches future leaders how to integrate economics into decision-making in a hands-on, experiential environment. The goal of the program is to build effective leadership skills and the skills to employ economic analysis. Sophomores and juniors are invited to apply and applications are evaluated based on leadership potential, maturity, and the applicant’s visions for their future. College credit is available through a partnership with the University of Colorado. The program cost is $1700, though scholarships are available, and the standard application deadline is March 15, 2018. Â   These free, seven-week long computer science summer programs are hosted by top tech companies across the country, including Amazon and Twitter. The goal of the program is to teach coding to sophomore and junior high school girls while offering exposure to tech jobs across disciplines. Computer science projects may include art, storytelling, robotics, video games, websites, apps, and more. Applications are accepted through March 16, 2018. This six-week intensive college-level math experience is described as demanding and expanding. Participants spend most of each day exploring math in engaging and hands-on ways. Students spend their mornings and evenings in classes and and problem sessions, with afternoons free to rest, read, and explore. Program cost is around $5000, but financial aid is available and the program states that money issues will not prevent an accepted student from attending. Applications are rolling but students are encouraged to apply as early as possible. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. Hosted by the Kelley School of Business, this program is intended to introduce high school girls to the college experience and business career opportunities. Students in this program spend one week participating in workshops, interacting with business students and alums, preparing a real-world business case study, and networking with women in business. High school juniors with a GPA of at least 3.5 on a 4.0 scale are invited to apply. Program cost is free but participants must cover transportation and personal expenses.

St. Matthew's Passion by Bach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St. Matthew's Passion by Bach - Essay Example The music was text bound and therefore difficult to measure because of its spiritual and expressive intensity. Bach was counterpoint master as he used all baroque era musical language resource with ease. He could combine Germany intricate counterpoint, French rhythmic dances and graceful melodies of Italy in a single composition. Some of his work include Christmas oratorio which include St. Matthew Passion and ascension cantata (six cantatas) (Robin, 1999). Master of St. Matthew Passion It is an oratorio written by Bach for orchestra, choir and solo voices. Matthew’s gospel chapter 26 and 27 are set into music with arias and chorale that are interspersed throughout the musical text (Robin, 1999). Composition The setting of Bach’s passion present chapter is in 26 and 27 of Matthew’s biblical text in a simple manner by use of recitative. In addition, latest poetic texts are set by ariaso and aria movements which explain various biblical events in a narrative form ( Robin, 1999). Lyrism and monologue are used to present the state of mind of the characters that are involved. St. Matthew Passion has the following aspects: a) Double-choir which originate from double-choir motets. b) Chorales are used extensively and appear and are found in four parts as an arias extension. In polyphonic movements which are large, chorales appears as cantus firmus. This quite evident in the finale of the first movement Mensch, bewein dein’ Sunde gro?. Chorale cantus firmus is also used in opening chorus, as Kommt, ihr Tochter, helft mir klagen where soprano in ripieno create harmonic and polyphonic anxiety, singing O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig verse (Robin,1999) The oratorio is a twelve score concertato with eight soloists performing in two choirs(Robin,1999). Furthermore, extra parts have two bass and single soprano voices in the bit parts which include Peter, Pilate Wife, High Priests, and Judas with another section for soprano in ripieno. vocal ensembles has three voice parts (three basses, three tenors , three sopranos and three altos and residual which has two parts that provide soloists ( Concertists) for the composed cantatas together with other vocal works. Secco recitative is used in the gospel narration with continuo accompaniments (Robin, 1999). Words describing various characters are sung in recitative form. Apart from Jesus, other named parts, include two ancillae(maids),two witness, Judas, two high priest, peter and Pilates’ wife. Arias are often assigned to character soloist who sings with the choir(Robin,1999). In addition, a pair of soloists sings the two duets which concurrently represent two speakers. Turba (Crowd) are passages for many speakers and is sung by either one or two choirs. There is special treatment for the words of Jesus Vox Christi. This is by creation of accompagnato recitatives which are accompanied by continuo and orchestral string section by use of long notes that are sustained and stressing sp ecific words (Robin, 1999). Instruments St Matthew Passion has a setting of two orchestras and two choirs and it include two Gamba, two flutes, and two oboe and basso continuo. Instruments create a particular mood in arias for example Aus Liebe will mein Heiland sterben which is #49 soprano arias where there is no security as a result basso continuo and string absence (Robin, 1999). Compositional style Recitatives create a mood

The ideal global citizen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The ideal global citizen - Essay Example In this regard, one hereby aims to create a personal concept for the ideal global citizen through an exploration of various contentions on education, religious knowledge and moral systems. A more comprehensive picture of a global citizen was expounded through reflecting on the definition of a global citizen. Parallelism with terms such as globalization or multiculturalism; while ultimately deciding to settle on the term cosmopolitanism (Appiah 58) are equally confusing and tend to provide increasing ambiguity, instead of clarity. Intricate as it seems, one perceived that to establish conjectures of ultimately concluding that â€Å"cosmopolitanism is an adventure and an ideal† (Appiah 62), would be the only shared conviction with Appiah’s discussion. For one, the features or traits that make a global citizen ideal are those cited by Appiah of Christoph Martin Wieland’s 1778 essay in the journal Teutscher Merkur, quoted as: "Cosmopolitans . . . regard all the peoples of the earth as so many branches of a single family, and the universe as a state, of which they, with innumerable other rational beings, are citizens, promoting together under the gener al laws of nature the perfection of the whole, while each in his own fashion is busy about his own well-being† (Appiah 59). The ability to acknowledge that citizens are part of one universal family but recognizes individuality, privacy and confidentiality makes the concept ideal and global. Since one recognized that the concept of idealism is analogous to absolute perfectionism, an ideal global citizen, apart from acknowledging universality of being a citizen of the world, should likewise accept the natural law for diversity in values and principles; yet, adhering to moral codes of conduct. As Albright cited Pope John Paul II’s argument that â€Å"if people were to fulfill their responsibility to live according to moral principles, they must first have the right to do so†

Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

Restorative Justice and the Criminal Justice System Essay Mennonites and other practitioners in Ontario, Canada, and later in Indiana, experimented with victim offender encounters that led to programs in these communities and later became models for programs throughout the world. Restorative justice theory developed initially from these particular efforts [ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The restorative justice movement originally began as an effort to rethink the needs which crimes create, as well as the roles implicit in crimes. Restorative justice advocates were concerned about needs that were not being met in the usual justice process [ (Zehr, 2002) ]. The criminal justice system’s approach to justice has some important strengths. Yet, there is also a growing acknowledgment of this system’s limits and failures. Victims, offenders, and community members often feel that justice does not adequately meet their needs. Justice professionals, who make up the core components, such as: judges, lawyers, prosecutors, probation and parole officers, and prison staff frequently express a sense of frustration as well. Many feel that the process of justice deepens societal wounds and conflicts rather than contributing to healing or peace [ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Interdisciplinary study and research in public safety and restorative justice is very important. Restorative justice at this day in age will not replace the current court system, but it offers an alternative resolution service for people who want to try another approach. For example, some places are offering mediated victim and offender community conferences. These conferences provide facilitators to help victims and offenders seek reconciliation and resolution. Restorative justice seeks alternatives to continue to put more and more people in jail. Restorative justice seeks sentences that make amends to the victim of crime and to the community as a whole [ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative Justice 3 My related feel of study is criminal justice. The criminal justice system is not a perfect system by far. The criminal justice system is concerned about holding offenders accountable, but that means making sure offenders get the punishment they deserve. The restorative justice approach focuses on the harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. Restorative justice recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities. Restorative justice has brought an awareness of the limits and negative byproducts of punishment. Beyond that, however, it has argued that punishment is not real accountability. Real accountability involves facing up to what one has done. It means encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their behavior, the harms they have done, and urging them to take steps to put things right as much as possible [ (Zehr, 2002) ]. Restorative justice and the criminal justice system are two systems that have different views. Restorative justice focuses on harm that has been done to people, individually and as a community. It recognizes that crime is wrong and should not occur, and also recognizes that after it does, there are dangers and opportunities [ (Kelly, 2001) ]. The criminal justice system has three core components, police, courts, and corrections. Each core component has a different function in the criminal justice system. The police functions are to enforce specific laws, investigate specific crimes, earch people, vicinities, buildings, arrest or detain people. The police function is primarily a function of cities and states (Overview, 2008). The courts functions are broken down into prosecutors, judges and magistrates. The prosecutors file charges or petitions for adjudication, seek indictments, drop cases and reduce charges. Restorative Justice 4 The judges and magistrates set bail or condition s for release, accept pleas, determine delinquency, dismiss charges, impose sentences, and revoke probation (Overview, 2008). The corrections components are correctional officials and paroling authorities. Correction officials assign to type of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions. The paroling authorities determine date and conditions of parole and revoke parole. Corrections are a primary function of the state and government (Overview, 2008). Throughout the United States the criminal justice system is in a state of crisis. The public is fearful and angry. Practitioners are weary and frustrated. Criminal justice policy is driven more by anecdote than systematic information. Costs of current policies are not sustainable over long periods. Victims are often re-victimized in the process.

Where I Rest My Head Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptive Writing

This is the area where I rest my head. I'm not giving in to calling this "home" because home is where the heart is. I live in the "court district" of downtown Los Angeles. With the influx of the Yuppies, however, it is now called the "historic core," We are standing on the corner of Sixth and Broadway. On the south side of the street heading east there are only two office buildings, yet there are many shops. The first is a jewelry shop. Walking past, we find two clothing stores that sell inexpensive women's clothing. There is a nearby market owned by a brother and sister from Iran: Ben and Miriam. When I do purchase there, I often haggle with Ben and he will come down on the price of the item in question. I'm more acquainted with Ben than his sister since he, like me, is something of a jokester. Besides, he is much more honest than his younger sister who is so shrewd she would snatch the nickels from a dead man's eyes! Leaving the market we pass a gated alleyway and a little hole-in-the-wall of a store owned by a Korean family. I normally purchase breath mints and gum there, but that is all. They sell little knick knacks and odds and ends, but their main source of income is alcohol--they sell enough to get a small country drunk. Five more paces and we are at the lobby entrance of a residential building where I have lived since my parole, but that is another essay. As we pass the lobby we come to the Alta Med Health Center, manned by an extremely helpful and pretty woman named Rosa. When I have the time, I drop by to shoot the breeze and trade jokes and anecdotes with her. Right next to the health center is a shoe store owned by an aged Chinese couple, still trying to hold on to their long gone youth. Both dress fashionably y... ...r refurbished goods. Reaching the corner there is a coffee shop, owned by an old Korean woman. When I began my first semester at LATTC I would stop there and grab a cup of Joe. After a few weeks of seeing me on a constant basis, she began to question my coming and going. I explained to her, "I am a student." To which she replied (in broken English), "You good boy". Being diplomatic, I attempted to explain the politics of referring to a grown black man as "boy". Either not understanding or not caring, she chose to continue to refer to me as boy, so I stopped patronizing her shop. This ends our tour through Hell. It's funny. I kind of like this area because it reminds me of New York, but it lacks that "savoir-faire." It's more like "New York meets the third world", or what would have happened had the Spanish, and not the English, taken New Amsterdam from the Dutch.

The Joy and Pain of Raising a Child with Special Needs

The Joys and Pain Of Raising A Child With Special Needs Donna McFadden ENG121 English Composition I Mr. Jonathan Alexander, Instructor February 18, 2013 The Joys and Pain Of Raising A Child With Special Needs Even though I am not the only parent of a child of special needs this is my personal journey into the world of special needs. No one could have told me that at the age of forty three I would be experiencing motherhood again to a child born with Cerebral Palsy. In fact, I was just preparing to celebrate my 25th high school reunion when I got the news that I was pregnant.When faced with the complex challenges of single motherhood you will soon find out that love is all you need. Allow me to give my account of this life altering phenomenon that totally changed the course of my mindset and direction in life. After an extremely emotional pregnancy and delivery by C-section, my son Nathan took his first breaths into a world of chaos and confusion. Being rushed to the neo-natal intensi ve care unit weighing only 4 lbs 3 oz, being probed and pricked by doctors and nurses to help stabilize the very life he stepped into.The thoughts of what my little angel endured coming into this world shows me his strength and determination as he begins his fight on this journey to manhood. Life began for my son spending his first few weeks of life in a NICU as they call it in the hospital with incubators and feeding tubes combined with the constant care from doctors and nurses assigned to his care. How traumatic for both mother and child to experience the separation and disconnect that is being substituted by machines. I forced the hospital to allow me an opportunity to stay in a room so that I could be as close to my son as I could.I was there for every feeding, every diaper change, all the testing I would sit in the NICU beside his bed and sing to him to reassure him that I was there. I was determined to be with my child as much as I could through this torturous ordeal. The inst ructions that we had to follow when we got home were intense, because of his prematurity and low birth weight many important things were still developing. I had numerous classes and seminars that I had to attend and complete before leaving the hospital. I even had to purchase a new car seat because the one that I had was not sufficient for a premature child.We immediately began having to parade through doctors offices on a weekly basis to be tested and examined and this process required a lot of patience and dedication. At five months olds we were back in the hospital so that Nathan would have his first surgery to repair three hernias. Once he recuperated it was then time for the next round of surgeries and this rollercoaster ride seemed to go on for months. Throughout this process you’re trying to find those opportunities to enjoy your child, those memorable moments of accomplishments and milestones.During these months I had no idea my son has Cerebral Palsy, nor had I ever experienced anyone who had been diagnosed with this disability. When we got the diagnoses of Cerebral Palsy, Nathan was fourteen months old and a very happy, determined little toddler, actually to look at him you would never know that he had brain damage. For me, not really knowing what it meant to have Cerebral Palsy actually played to my advantage because I didn’t have an opportunity to get upset, but more of a determination to educate myself on what I needed to do to help this baby grow into a wonderful productive person.Just like when he was born we were thrown into the arena of occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy more doctors and test after test after test. This process is extremely daunting, however necessary. I was just trying to tackle each obstacle as it came day-by-day with all the optimism I could muster. I had a determination to not think negatively or get in that place of despair or asking â€Å"why me? † How do you balance the range of emotions that not only go through your mind, but the minds of your family and friends about the hopes and fears of the destiny of your child?I am so grateful for my faith and belief system to help me sustain my strength and emotional well-being because I have no idea where I would be without it. This was truly one of the most difficult times of my life combined with an element of gratitude for the life and well-being of my son. Even though we are still on this journey a lot of progress has been made from that first day of life in July. My positive attitude about my son’s disability has been engraved in him and I am quite encouraged that through it all he will be such a positive example of how the challenges of Cerebral Palsy will not dictate his life.

Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring Essay

Who is Jean Watson and what is her contribution to the nursing profession? Jean Watson is a Distinguished Professor of Nursing and holds the Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado, Denver College of Nursing and Anschutz Medical Center Campus. She earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric-mental health nursing, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling. She has received several national and international honors and honorary doctoral degrees. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and is Founder and Director of the Watson Caring Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado (www.watsoncaringscience.org a non-profit foundation established to further the work of Caring Science in the world. Dr. Watson has published numerous works on her philosophy and theory of human caring. Her theory is used to guide transformative models of caring and healing practices around the world (Cara 2003). This paper will ex plore the elements of Jean Watson’s theory of caring. It will explain how her theory can be applied in the clinical setting, and how it has impacted the nursing profession and influenced healthcare. Nurses define caring in various ways depending on their level of education, professional experience, personal values and professional focus. The concept of caring is central to the nursing profession. As Jean Watson proposed, regardless of their specialty area, nurses have awareness of the interconnectedness of all beings and share the common goal in supporting healing from both scientific and philosophical perspectives. This goal is referred to as the caring-healing consciousness (Sitzman, 2007 p. 9). Jean Watson’s theory of Transpersonal Caring (or Theory of Human Caring) was originally developed in 1979 but has continued to evolve over the years. The three major conceptual elements are: 1) transpersonal  caring relationships 2) ten carative factors 3) caring occasion/caring moment. Through a transpersonal caring relationship, nurses help patients to achieve a higher degree of harmony within the mind, body, and soul. Transpersonal reaches beyond one’s ego and the present moment, and allows one to connect spiritually and promote patient comfort and healing. The transpersonal caring relationship depends on the nurse’s moral commitment in protecting human dignity and the nurse’s caring consciousness in preserving and honoring the embodied spirit. This caring consciousness is essential for the mutual relationship between nurse and patient (Cara 2003). â€Å"The goal of a transpersonal caring relationship corresponds to protecting, enhancing, and preserving the person’s dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony† (Cara, 2003, p. 53). The ten carative factors developed by Watson in 1979 serve as a guide for the core of nursing. These factors later evolved into ten clinical â€Å"caritas† (meaning to cherish and give special loving attention) processes. While acknowledging medicine’s curative factors and nursing’s legitimate place in that process, Watson’s theory identifies nursing’s carative orientation in healthcare (Sitzman, 2007 p. 9). The ten carative factors are comprised of ten elements: * Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of values * Instillation of faith-hope * Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others * Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship * Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions * Creative, individualized problem-solving caring process * Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning * Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environments * Assistance with gratification of basic human needs while preserving human dignity and wholeness * The allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces of caring and healing Watson believes these carative factors are a guide to promoting harmony and dignity into relationships, and provide a structure in understanding nursing as the science of caring (Ryan, 2005). According to Watson, â€Å"a caring occasion occurs whenever the nurse and  another come together with their unique life histories and phenomenal fields in a human-to-human transaction† (Watson, 2010). Jean Watson’s ten clinical caritas were developed to describe fully engaged nursing practice and can be applied to any specialty area or during any nursing activity, or during any verbal exchanges between nurse and patient. As discussed in Ryan (2005), Jean Watson’s theory is being used by nurse recruiters in the selection processes of nursing staff. They inform potential candidates that their facility’s practice is based upon her theory of caring. The interview process may require a candidate to describe a caring moment from their past, and based upon their response, recruiters select candidates who best fit within the nursing culture of caring In addition, job descriptions now state that nurses must be competent in both technological skills and in the carative factors of the caring theory. Moreover, the clinical ladder process has integrated Watson’s theory by requiring the candidate applying for advancement to share a story from their professional pract ice that demonstrates how they positively influenced a patient outcome, and then identify and discuss the carative factors discussed in their story. Educational offerings which previously focused on the physical nature of a medical condition are now focusing on the holistic nursing model instead of the disease-focused medical model. Clinical information system coordinators have revised computerized documentation screens to reflect theory-based nursing practice. Nursing diagnoses and interventions have become linked with the carative factors. Watson discusses the impact of her theory on nursing practice in â€Å"From Theory to Practice: Caring Science According to Watson and Brewer.† In this interview, she states that the increase in frequency and number of Magnet hospital’s use of caring theory is evidence of its impact on nursing. As a result of caritas nursing models, nurses honor their commitment to society and humanity to offer compassionate human caring. In addition to the initiatives of Magnet hospitals, developments in caring-theory guided practices are evident through the gatherings of the International Cari tas Consortium (ICC). The ICC is an invited network of hospitals, educational program representatives, and individuals who are committed to expanding and implementing caring theory/ caritas nursing. As Watson states, â€Å"These individuals explore and experiement in deepening the practices of the human dimensions of caring-healing, returning to  heart-centered-loving practices† (Clarke, Watson, & Brewer 2009, p.340). Hospitals who are dedicated to implementing the caring theory and healing models sponsor these gatherings. Jean Watson states in her interview with Jacqueline Fawcett, RN; PhD; FAAN, (Fawcett 2002) that the value of the human caring theory is a foundational ethic and philosophy for any health professional. She states â€Å"the core of the human caring theory is about human caring relationships and the deeply human experiences of life itself, not just health-illness phenomena, as traditionally defined within medicine† (p. 215). She goes on to state that â€Å"nurses and nursing working from a human caring philosophy bring a different consciousness and energy of wholeness to any setting, offering a counterpoint to the medicalizing-clinicalizing of human experiences in the conventional institutional industrial models of practice† (p. 216). In Fawcetts’s interview, Dr. Watson goes on to say that even though nursing is multiparadigmatic, â€Å"caring can and still must be honored as a core value, knowledge development and practices related to healing and wholeness† (p 216). She believes her theory of transpersonal caring is moving toward a unitary-transformative paradigm, bringing in consciousness, intentionality, energy, evolution, transcendence process, relativity, and things that transcend our conventional medical and modern conventional science models and thereby, more clearly seeing the intersection between arts and humanities and science. In conclusion, Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring provides a foundational philosophy for health professionals. As Watson states â€Å"The core of the human caring theory is about human caring relationships and the deeply human experiences of life itself, not just health-illness phenomena, as traditionally defined within medicine† (Fawcett 2002, p. 215). Jean Watson’s theory affirms, guides and solidifies nursing practice. References Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Clarke, P., Watson, J., & Brewer, B. (2009). From theory to practice: Caring science according to Watson and Brewer. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(4). doi: 10.1177/0894318409344769 Fawcett, J. (2002). The Nurse theorists: 21st-Century updates. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(3), 214-219. doi: 10.1177/089431840201500307 George, J.B. (2002). Nursing theories the base for professional nursing practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Ryan, L. (2005). The journey to integrate Watson’s caring theory with clinical practice. International Journal for Human Caring, 9(3), 26-30. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Sitzman, K. (2007). Teaching-learning professional caring based on Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. International Journal for Human Caring, 11(4), 8-16. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Watson, J. (2010). Watson’s Caring Science Institute website. Retrieved from www. watsoncaringscience.org/j_watson/index.html

CRM essays

CRM essays Most companies believe that they are doing a good job of keeping their customers satisfied... because they don't get complaints. The issue though, is that there is no effective way to allow the customer to express their frustration or the occasional complement. I have found that companies don't want to take the time to listen to the complaint and understand what the underlying reason is for the complaint. In some of the research that I have done on Customer Complaint Management, the primary objective is to get the customer off the phone. In call centre performance measurements, the focus is on Average Speed to Answer (ASA) and Talk Time (or Handle Time). Very little time is spent on root cause analysis... finding out why the customer complained in the first place. Let's take a look at some reasons why unhappy or dissatisfied customers don't complain. They don't because it's not worth their time or trouble, it won't do any good, they don't know who to complain to or they fear retribution! To this point, here are some of the reasons why customers "quit"... 68% Because of an attitude of indifference to them by service personnel Keeping customers can be easy if we treat them with courtesy, efficiency and with genuine interest! Here's another interesting tidbit of information. Research finds that customers who do complain, have a desire to maintain their relationship with the supplier or service provider, as long as they feel they are being heard and that the problem will be resolved to their satisfaction! Isn't it time that we took the customer seriously? After all, they are the reason were in business! We live in an age of choice. Building loyalty is extremely difficult, even we do it right. Customers are enticed by the attraction of something better so we need to pay attention to them. We need to listen and ...

Pathogencity and Immuneology; Host resistence and the immune response Essay

Pathogencity and Immuneology; Host resistence and the immune response - Essay Example The virulence, resistance and the antigenicity of the microorganism are the most important in my view to determine the spread and severity of the disease that it may cause Virulence of an agent is very important when determining the infection that a certain microorganism is able to cause. Certain agents are highly virulent whereas some of them not virulent because of which they do not cause diseases that can be life threatening. In a community it is necessary that measures are taken by the authorities to ensure that the highly virulent strains do not harm the people in anyway. The resistance of an agent which causes disease is also important in determining its effect on the human beings. If an agent is resistant to environmental conditions then it is possible that it can survive the latest of the antibiotics and this would cause havoc in the human society. Diseases can get severe and life threatening if the resistance of a strain is high. Some of the strains of agents get resistant to antibiotics and adverse environmental conditions because of the continuous exposure to them and hence the authorities should ensure that this practice does not prevail in the community. Lastly the antigenicity of an agent is a factor which helps to determine whether an agent would be able to cause the same disease in the community or not. Some strains have a high antigenicity because of which they can be destroyed immediately while some of the strains have low antigenicity. It is important to determine the antigenicity of an agent so that it can be confirmed that the disease may or may not be caused again. If the antigenicity of an agent is low then the authorities should enhance the passive immunity of the people so that their immune system can fight off the agent. Infectivity is a measure of the ability of an agent to multiply and cause a disease. It is not considered to be important

Alternative and Traditional Medicine Term Paper

Alternative and Traditional Medicine - Term Paper Example A sick person often seeks treatment from a practitioner who admire the most and belief. Traditional is regarded as the conservative kind of approach to treatment. Traditional medicine also referred to as western medicine specializes more on drugs and surgeries. It is often preferred in cases that are very serious and likely to cost someone life. Each style however has its own advantages and disadvantages and there is certainly no practitioner that has all answers regarding treatment. They are both good and complementary to each other. Traditional medicine includes modern health science such as surgery and associated practices. It is also referred to as contemporary or Western medicine (Gordon, 1993). On the other hand, Alternative medicine refers to the collection of skills, practices and knowledge based on old theories or experiences and comprising a wide range of procedures native to diverse cultures across the world. Alternative science refers to a combination of unconventional practices to diagnose, prevent or treat any form of illness (Gordon, 1993). It has been proven that traditional medicine, in most cases focuses on the factors causing the disease, prevention and remedies but the environment and circumstances under which the disease occurred is not considered as the system is limited to the study of an anomaly and ways to remove it (Gordon, 1993). Since it has evolved over the ages, the alternative approach varies according to person and place. An example of a practice under this category is the Chinese medicine. The underlying principle of this system is to consider the ailment as a dynamic entity of the system and seek a means to uproot its foundation. It considers the illness as an upset of balance between the body and its surroundings. Thus, it focuses on cleansing the whole system rather than eliminating the immediate cause of the disease. Traditional medicine practices focuses on a single