MENTAL HEALTH..... SOCIAL WORK DEGREE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MENTAL HEALTH..... SOCIAL WORK DEGREE - Essay Example These measures will help autonomy in psychiatry, as stated by Richardson (2007: p.71). The AMHP who could be from any discipline in the health care field, would be required to coordinate the ‘preliminary examination’ of a person liable to be treated under a compulsory order, and to provide a non-medical assessment alongside the assessment of two medical practitioners (Hannigan & Hannigan, 2003: p.38). Details About Patient Being Brought to A & E: Keith Burrows was brought to the Melchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust’s A & E Department by the police at 4:20 am on a Section 136. He had banged on his neighbours’ door at about 2 am, demanding to see his mother. The elderly couple, both in their 70s, had called the police due to the disturbance caused by Keith. When he became aggressive towards the police, they used Section 136 on him, and brought him for assessment and evaluation to the A & E department. 2Section 136 enables a police officer to remove someone from a public place and take them to a Place of Safety for a duration of up to 72 hours. Section 136 states clearly that the purpose of being taken to the Place of Safety is to enable the person to be examined by a doctor and interviewed by an Approved Social Worker, and for the making of any necessary arrangements for treatment or care. Past History of Illness: Social work records show that Keith Burrows was admitted on a section in 2003. A Section 2 assessment had been done, as indicated in the social circumstances report prepared at that time. The social circumstances report indicates that Mr. Burrows was living alone in a housing association property. His sister Rosa Burrows had contacted the General Practitioner since she was concerned about his health and welfare. Their mother had died three months previously, after which Keith Burrows had become

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care Assignment

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care - Assignment Example Furthermore, there are various psychological approaches to health and social care practices that one can adopt in order to improve psychological development (Moonie 2005; Brotherton & Parker 2008).The behaviourist perspective implies that changes in behaviour are caused by learning from external factors such as rewards and punishments. According to the work of popular behaviourists, Pavlov and Skinner, one learns from the consequences of ones actions; these actions are connected with the satisfaction (reward) or displeasure (punishment) that follows them, taking into consideration life experiences, genetics, individual progress and much more. The cognitive perspective is more about an individual’s thinking process, opinions, motivation and beliefs having an impact on behaviour. This inspires individuals to take responsibility for their own health and modify abnormal feelings and thoughts. Social learning is probably the commonest perspective; it is impossible for one to exist in a group, culture or society without conforming due to the social influence; an example of this would be smoking cigarettes because ‘all the cool kids do it’. The biological perspective states that behaviour is confirmed by genes, or rather the physical structure and function of the brain as it directs our behaviour; for instance excessive eating (which can lead to obesity).

Analysing Principles Of Self Defense In Law Philosophy Essay

Analysing Principles Of Self Defense In Law Philosophy Essay All the defenses only have an evidential burden i.e. the defendant (D) has the burden of raising the defense with evidence in order to make it a live issue but the prosecution has burden to negative the defense. (2) Origin All the defenses have their origins in common law and are common law defenses. (3) Full Defense All the defenses offer a complete defense i.e. if the defense is accepted D is acquitted. (4) Intoxication In the application of all the defenses, any evidence of voluntary intoxication is irrelevant since D has made himself incapable of assessing e.g. the reasonable use of force, threats etc in the defenses hence he is culpable. II. Contrast (1) Generality There is no general defense of necessity but self-defense, duress by threats and duress of circumstances are general defenses. (2) Application Self-defense is defense to all crimes while duress by threats and duress of circumstances apply to all crimes except murder, attempted murder and some forms of treason. The defense of necessity operates on a piecemeal basis but it can never be a defense to a charge of murder. (3) Statutory backing Some statutes expressly provide for the defense of necessity while there is no statutory backing for the remaining defenses. (4) Defendants characteristics The defendants characteristics are irrelevant in self-defense and the defense of necessity but in duress by threats and duress of circumstances the jury in deciding whether a reasonable person in such a condition might have been impelled to do what D did could consider Ds age, sex, pregnancy or any recognized mental illness. (5) Test The test of self-defense is a subjective one in that D must be treated according to the facts D actually believed them to be regardless of whether or not it was objectively reasonable. However, the reasonableness of the belief was material to the question of whether it was actually held or not. For duress by threats and duress of circumstances, there is both a subjective and objective element. The first limb (subjective) asks whether D was compelled to act as he did because of the circumstances he honestly believed he would die or be seriously physically injured. The second limb (objective) questions whether a person of reasonable firmness sharing Ds characteristics would have responded in the same way to the threats/circumstances. In order to apply the defense of necessity, the court needs to be satisfied that D acted reasonably and proportionately in order to avert the greater evil. (6) Mistake With respect to self defense, duress by threats, duress of circumstances and necessity the question is what the defendant actually believed even if he was mistaken.  But the belief must nonetheless be a reasonable belief in the case of duress by threats, duress of circumstances and necessity. For self defense, the belief does not have to be a reasonable one but the more unreasonable the belief the less likely it is that it was actually held. (7) Limitations Self-defense can only be used as a defense for the purpose of defending D himself/herself, his/her property or another persons while in duress by threats and duress of circumstances both must have an immediate threat/harm of death or serious physical injury and the threat/harm must be directed towards the commission of the particular offense. Moreover, the threat/harm can be directed against D, his/her immediate family or someone close. Although the defense of necessity has not been completely rejected yet its application appears in the most trying circumstances and there must be pressure from an extraneous event. In order to successfully plead the defense of self-defense, the force used must be in response to an immediate and particular threat, not in relation to a future time. In determining the reasonableness of force, the court will consider its proportionality, whether D demonstrated an unwillingness to use force and whether the force was used in the heat of the moment. In duress by threats, the defense will fail if D voluntarily exposed itself to the threat. While in duress by circumstances, the defense will not apply if the commission of an offense is merely the result of Ds own subjective thought processes and emotions. Question 2 I. Introduction Although only of academic concern, Walker LJ in Re A (Children) made it clear that these defenses were actually either regarded as justifications or excuses in Criminal law. II. Analysis Self-defense and necessity is viewed in the eyes of the law as conduct which is justified. The circumstances are such that the court recognizes that it was fitting and right for the defendant (D) to act as he did thus he is not criminally liable. Duress, by threats or circumstances, is normally viewed as providing D with an excuse for what is, on the face of it, criminal conduct. From a legal perspective, even though D has committed an offense but since D only did so because of a forceful external influence, human or non-human, D was left with no other alternative but to act as required. Ds action is not applauded yet the law understands thus such an act is excused. The main difference between justifications and excuses is the evaluation of Ds act from a moral point of view. A justified act e.g. use of reasonable force in a lawful arrest is morally correct but robbing a bank in response to a threat of death, for example, which is prima facie against the law nonetheless Ds act is excused, taking into account the threat, allowing him to avoid criminal liability. At the micro level, a number of finer distinctions are also seen. Firstly, an excusable act may be resisted by another but in relation to justifiable conduct the person threatened may not do so. Secondly, excused conduct causes harm to society and unlike an act which is justified parties other than the excused D remain guilty. Lastly, with regards to an excusatory act all the facts must be known but in a justified conduct D ought to be allowed to rely on facts although he was unaware of at the time of conduct. III. Conclusion Although from a theoretical point of view it is not right to describe these concepts as defenses yet in practicality it makes little difference whether D is excused or justified since the end result of both is the same i.e. D is acquitted. Question 3 I. Duress of circumstances and Necessity Duress of circumstances is a defence of necessity in all but name. The judiciary is fearful in the abuse of the defence recognizing that defendants could simply use the defence of necessity as a veil to cover their true criminal intentions, claiming that the lesser evil was chosen and on that basis they should be exonerated. The application of the defence of necessity has generally been restricted by the courts throughout common law jurisdictions. In fact the English courts have essentially used duress of circumstances as a means to cover cases that would otherwise come within the scope of necessity. Though it is argued that the defense of necessity is necessary in certain exceptional cases e.g. medical cases yet asserting a defense which operates on a cases by case basis and whose exact boundaries are indefinable it beings a degree of uncertainty into the law. Moreover, the defence of duress of circumstances is capable of dealing with exceptional and difficult cases in a way that necessity may not be and by allowing necessity to co-exist with duress of circumstances it may in fact inhibit the development of a broader defence of necessity. Thus, I propose that the defense of necessity should be subsumed under the defense of duress of circumstances. II. Duress Murder The murder exception rule in the defence of duress is inconsistent both with the human instinct of self preservation and the underlying rationale for the defence which acts as a concession to human frailty. Moreover, the ability of jurors to assess adequately a defence of duress in cases of murder particularly in the light of the strict definition of the defence only makes the case stronger for removing the exception. The defense acts as an excuse not a justification so although heroic behavior is met with great merit in Criminal law yet the failure to achieve should not be met with punishment from the state. Threat Duress ought to be available even for threats of a lesser harm than death or serious physical injury provided that the harm threatened exceeds the harm resulting from the commission of the offense i.e. balance of harms. This is because a number of threats although not of a physical nature are still sufficient to overcome the powers of human resistance and the law should recognize that. But this reform can only be properly considered along with the question of shifting the burden of proving duress presently lying on the prosecution onto the defendant since it would become too easy for the defendant to escape liability.

Marriages in China :: essays research papers

Many different countries celebrate marriages different ways. In the US, the bride wears a white gown, and the groom wears a tuxedo. In countries like China, the bride wears a brightly colored dress. From ancient times marriage has been regulated by law and religious practice. China has a very interesting marriage celebration. In the 19th century, A wedding represented the transfer of a woman’s dependence on money from her family to her new husband. There was also a transfer of the woman's property, called a dowry, from the bride’s father to her husband. This transfer of property was made if the marriage was voluntary or an arranged marriage where the woman's consent was not asked for. Most times in the 19th century, when a couple got married, it was arranged by the parents, and the couple had no say in it. In the 20th century, things changed for the better. China proclaimed a marriage code giving spouses equal rights in the control of property in 1950. Laws of most countries require the husband to support his wife and children. With the increase in the number of women working outside the home, the women sometimes support themselves and child support has fallen upon her nearly as much as her husband. Couples now choose their own partners, but must get the consent of their parents. As a wedding give, it is customary for the parents to buy appliances for the couple’s new home. They have a simple ceremony, and the date is chosen by the parents. A popular date for weddings in China is the seventh day of the seventh moon. They say that a fairy from heaven can bless their marriage on that day.

Positioning of Absolut Vodka

Absolut Positioning. This report will describe the concept of positioning, effective positioning and its relation to segmentation. It will analyse the positioning of Absolut vodka in its market share. In this report the relevant positioning criteria will be identified and appropriate positioning maps to support the analysis will be used. In addition, suggestions on how to improve and develop the Absolut’s positioning will be given as well. In order to apply the relevant academic theory to the positioning of Absolut Vodka brand the definition and idea of positioning concept needs to be identified.Adcock, Halborg and Ross (2001) provide the positioning definition made by Ries and Trout that say that it is ‘what happens in the mind of customers. ’ Brassington and Pettitt (2003) write that positioning ‘means thinking about a product in the context of the competitive space it occupies in its market, defined in terms of attributes that matter to the target market. ’ It is possible to state that positioning is the identification of position of certain brand and its total image among different other brands in the minds of target audience.Positioning includes the evaluation of competitive advantages and brand’s niche. The main purpose of  positioning  is to achieve  sustainable  view in  the minds of  consumers about the brand  as the best  one in particular sphere. It is known that all offered services and products are taking their place with main goal to satisfy customer’s wants and needs. Consequently, in case with effective positioning goods and services have to ‘promise the benefit the customer will receive, create the expectation, and offer a solution to the customer’s problem’, according to http://www. marketing91. com.Effective positioning needs to be unique and realistic, it has to be related to current position, should be long term and yet updated and improved during the time pe riod. Also, product needs to be in the mind of customers’. According to Wind (1980), there are six principles for product positioning. Firstly, positioning can be based on product one and only feature. Also, positioning may be related to product’s benefit that may satisfy consumer’s wants and needs. Besides, positioning can be based according to usage and/or occasion. Additionally, products can be based on competitors and on product class.Another principle that company can use to position product is to base it on user category. Segmentation In order to run business successfully it is essential to understand the concept of market segmentation. Backer (2003) argues that ‘positioning is easy. Market segmentation is difficult. Positioning problems stem from poor segmentation’. Company needs to work only with segment that has been chosen. Absolut Facts (Appendix 1) Speaking about Absolut Vodka, the first question that comes up is: â€Å"Why such unsophi sticated drink has become so successful and popular? when Russian vodka was the most recognised product, occupying the whole niche in industry, when Absolut’s bottleneck was too short for barman to handle and the whole bottle caused the negative associations with pharmacy jars. The answer to the question is: an excellent positioning strategies and advertising actions. Position Absolut possess itself as premium vodka that is not just an alcoholic drink, but lifestyle. It is shown as a beverage for the sophisticated and upper-end people; it is ‘for status buyers who are not open to snob appeal, but open to wit’. Absolut targets people ‘under 35’, those who are ‘ferociously hip’.Absolut has created the conditions, when people are ready to pay premium price (price is 15% higher than most expensive vodka brands) to join the ‘bohemian’ coterie that appreciates the high quality vodka. Due to great positioning and advertising action s the brand itself is now associated with art, music and singers, luxurious clubs that represent the Absolut diction. ‘Once marketers identify the position they would like to occupy in the market, they design a unique marketing mix that will support that position by reaching that target market and meeting its needs’ –Bovee, Houston, Thill (1995).The combination of promotion, product, price and place will assist in the brand’s positioning in order to distinguish it from competitive companies. Marketing mix in case with Absolut: Promotion is the ‘business of communicating with customers’ – The Times 100. In order to promote the brand Absolut releases the limited bottle editions, creative ads etc. Product One of the famous brand’s features is bottle’s shape that is shown in creative, humorous and trendy manner. Also, there is much attention paid to Sweden culture, history and background of vodka.Additionally, there is no doub t that company emphasises on quality of Absolut using high technologies, sources and products in order to maintain its status of super premium spirit. Price As it was mentioned, price is very high compared to other vodka manufacturers. However, Absolut is targeting the certain segment of people that are willing and ready to pay more for status drink. Place The Times 100 explains that ‘place is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. Getting the right product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. According to www. absolut. com there are famous Ice bars in London, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Tokyo under Absolut brand. This fact again supports the idea that Absolut is not a drink but lifestyle. Positioning map ‘Once the positioning has been completed for all the relevant attributes, it is useful to be able to visualise the complete picture graphically, by creating a per ceptual map of the market’ as Brassington and Pettitt (2003) explain. Using http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf and Mintel’s Vodka – UK – March 2009 report the positioning map for vodka brands may be structured as following:Platinum vodka – the price is higher than ? 40 for 70cl (Mintel) Super premium vodka – is ? 25 or more for 70cl (Mintel) Premium – ? 14. 94-? 24. 99 for 70cl (Mintel) Own-label – ? 4. 82-? 21. 83 according to http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk Mintel provides the diagram (Appendix 2) that shows the UK market share of vodka, 2008. According to that, it is possible to state that Absolut competes with Smirnoff Red which ‘in the UK is the brand leader ‘the sophisticated one’ the establishment’ – Adcock, Halborg, Ross (2001). Smirnoff is less expensive and yet quality (around ? 1 per bottle) and is famous because of its ‘Russia-nessâ€⠄¢ (however, it is known Smirnoff comes from Connecticut, USA). Suggestions For Absolut it is important to continue its development researching its competitors and stick with its target market. Company has to be very sensitive to its customers’ demand changes and actions of competitors (direct and potential) – their profitability, weaknesses and strengths. Absoult needs to understand and know competitors as much as it is possible. Company ‘should not be surprised if it falls to stay ahead’ as Backer (2003) states. BibliographyAdcock, D, Halborg, A, Ross, C (2001). Marketing principles and practice. 4th ed. Essex: Financial Times Management. p172-177. Backer, M (2003). The Marketing Book. 5th ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. p106. Brassington, F, Pettitt, S (2003). Principles of Marketing. Essex: Financial Times. p116-197. Courtland, B, Houston, M, Thill, J (1995). Marketing. 2nd ed. NY: McGraw-Hill. p202 Kotler, P, G Armstrong, J Saunders and V Wong, 199 9, Principles of Marketing, second European edition, (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall) Wind, Y, 1980, Going to Market: new twists for some old tricks, Wharton Magazine, 4Absolut. (2012). Absolut Vodka. Available: www. absolut. com. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Bhasin, H. (2010). Effective positioning. Available: http://www. marketing91. com/effective-positioning/. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Oliver, E. (2010). Absolut Vodka. Available: http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Supermarket own brand guide. (2012). Spirits. Available: http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk/search. php? SearchString=vodka;Search. x=69;Search. y=18;score;price=0;pricevalue=0. 0;table=spirits. The Times 100 ; Wilson and Wilson Publishing Ltd. (2011). Marketing mix. Available: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/business-theory/marketing/marketing-mix-price-place-promotion-product. html#ixzz1s6QeVriC. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Mintel Vodka, UK, March (2009). Vodka – can fashion last forever. [Online] Available at: http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=393884 [Accessed: April 2012]. White Spirits and RTDs, UK, March (2011). Competitive Context. [Online]. Available at: http://academic. mintel. om/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=545336/display/id=569847 [Accessed: April 2012]. Appendices 1. ABSOLUT VODKA, introduced in the US in 1979, is the fourth largest international premium spirit in the world and is available in more than 150 markets. ABSOLUT VODKA is the number two brand of premium vodka worldwide. (Source: Impact International) Since its launch in 1979, ABSOLUT VODKA has achieved significant worldwide sales growth, from 10,000 nine-liter cases (90,000 liters) to 11. 0 million nine-liter cases in 2010 (99. 0 millions of liters).Every bottle of ABSOLUTVODKA is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden. ABSOLUT VODKA is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that gives ABSOLUT VODKA its smooth grain character. Every year approximately 80,000 tons are used to produce ABSOLUT VODKA. Over one kilo (two pounds) of grain is used for every one-liter bottle. ABSOLUT VODKA uses a unique process called continuous distillation, introduced in the nineteenth century by ‘‘The Vodka King’’, Lars Olsson Smith. ABSOLUT VODKA is distilled hundreds of times until all impurities have been removed 2.

Are Schools Promoting Sex by Teaching It in Schools? Essay

Are Schools Promoting Sex by Teaching it in School? | | | | Teen pregnancy have risen sky high, STD’s are spreading faster than the speed of light, and sexting id done more often as a factor of knowing about sex. Sex is the attraction drawing one individual sexually toward another leading to sexual intercourse. Schools promote teen sex to their students by teaching sex in class. Although, sex is a part of the curriculum and is supposed to be taught to students, it’s being taught at the wrong time in life. Because sex education is being taught at a young, schools are promoting teen sex and negative behaviors. Teen sex is promoted in schools and in classes’ every day because it is a part of the learning curriculum that is supposed to be taught in grade school, but at what age is it appropriate to teach students? Schools are teaching elementary school students about sex in the fourth and fifth grade to be exact( Brown, 2006). One parent says: â€Å"For elementary school students, the school is a happy place to play with friends. Topics like sex and relationships have yet to enter their minds† (Mustaza, 2010). This makes it seem like teachers, more or less, want their students to know about sex, which should not be taught to elementary school students because children’s minds at this point and time frame are not fully developed or mature enough to know about sex. For middle school students, sex being taught only gets their minds wondering. It pops questions in their heads about the things they don’t know about sex and maybe what they want to know. Kids are taught to death about all the bad things that can happen to them if they have sex† ( Bobkowski, 2009). They’ve said: â€Å"We’ve heard about sexually transmitted infections, we know you can get pregnant, but we want to know about the pleasures of sex and healthy relationships† ( George 2009). Teaching sex in schools progresses the mind to wonder about sex. If sex is going to be taught in schools, it should be taught in an informational way that doesn’t leave students with minds to pose questions or sex shouldn’t be taught at all to elementary school students. Some teens live what they learn and others lead by example, but they all have a primary source of why they live to do what they do. Teachers today may be just a couple of years older than many high school students and could be an idol. A young teacher teaching about sex may be more effective to students rather that their fifty-three year old, grey haired teacher teaching them this. The word from the younger teacher is going to be like words from the wise. But are these words the wise, wise enough? Students at the teenage level may need someone to fall back on or depend on and it may be that young teacher. Amirul, 14 years old: â€Å"At first the thought of learning about sex was a bore, but when we had coach Allen (22) I was all ready to learn everyday†( George, 2009). Students are more motivated to learn about sex now that they have a younger person in their life teaching the subject. This only makes the subject easier to the student s to learn, but harder to the teachers to teach them without getting the wires all worked up on students. But , Alan Harris said, the more educated someone is the more likely they are to make responsible and informed choice for their behaviors. Sex education given by teachers at school is the most relabel way to give kids the right information about sex. In schools sex education information is give by professional and has be proven by many reports all over the country and world. The first formal attempts at sex education were introduced by a Dr. Arnold a schoolmaster at a public school. Dr. Arnold used the Bible to make the schoolboys fell guilt and scared of sex and masturbation. The nineteenth-century scare tactics books of Dr. Arnold were nothing like the sex book used by the sex educations teachers of today(Greaves.pg. 171). Some parents don’t approve of their children learning about sex in schools, but some do. For the parents that approve, how are the teachers teaching the students? Some schools, whether it is public or private, teach the students about sexual contact and conduct in separate classes. That’s right, some schools have separate teachings; they have the students’ parents sign a consent saying that they may teach sexual education in school and then separate the males from females and teach them about sex. It sounds like a positive but in actual reality, in the long run it’s a negative according to Gandy: â€Å"Classrooms separated by gender offers different resources, different teaching methods, and other factors that create unequal living environment† (Gandy, Piechura-Couture, N. P). Meaning that, the students that are separated may learn a little bit more or a little bit different that what is on the standard list. Male may learn more about the females and how to arouse then and females may stay close minded to what males have in store or vice versa. Teaching boys and girls at separate times only make them worry and wonder more about sex. Teaching a girl about her body and teaching a boy about his body makes the students ponder about the other gender. What teachers are teaching the students about sex are another negative effect. As well as teaching the students about their body parts and how they work and what they do. Jansen, a local shop owner, holds sex workshops for all teens (Geogre, 2009). In her workshops, Jansen urges teens to ask about anything and everything. From masturbation, gender identity, and same-sex feelings to sex toys (which they keep on hand in case the subject comes up), why people like oral sex, and why should that particular act go both ways and she will answer the question as honest as possible(George, 2009). Holding these workshops are not the best way to break the ice about questions, it only gives them more conformation to keep asking these kinds of questions to eventually figure out what they mean or how they operate and participate in the act of having sex. Teens should approach their parents with questions like these rather than a stranger. Sex should not be taught in school or outside of school either. Six year olds should learn how to spell their names, fourth and fifth graders should prepare to shift from one class to eight, and high school students should focus on getting a job or going to college; real world situations instead of sex. Teaching sex in the curriculum throws off all attention to anything else in life that students should pay more attention.